In 1905, African-American scholar and activist W. E. B. Du Bois gathered with supporters on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls to form an organization for social and political change. Its list of demands included an end to segregation and to discrimination in unions, the courts, and public accommodations, as well as equality of economic and educational opportunity. Although the Niagara Movement had little impact on legislative action, its ideals led to the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909, with Du Bois as its director of publicity and research and journal editor.
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