A racial transformation in the US since the 1960s has in turn changed the political landscape across the country, according to a new book.
Compiled over 20 years, the book—Contested Transformation: Race, Gender and Political Leadership in 21st Century America—offers the first comprehensive study of elected racial and ethnic minorities in the US.
“It’s the first of its kind in terms of the multiple levels of offices,” says coauthor Pei-te Lien, a professor of political science at the University of California, Santa Barbara, “from the local all the way to Congress and the presidency as well as the coverage of all four nonwhite groups. We created a benchmark survey that put women of color at the center of analysis.”
The book encompasses more than 12,000 elected officials in its dataset. That number represented a massive and daunting task for the authors, who also included Carol Hardy-Fanta of the University of Massachusetts Boston, Dianne Pinderhughes of the University of Notre Dame, and Christine Marie Sierra of the University of New Mexico. Their core dataset, for example, is based on telephone surveys of 1,170 elected officials who answered 196 questions in 2006 and 2007. It took up to 10 calls to get one person to agree to be interviewed.
Racial changes in the US
Latinos, for example, have grown from 3.5 percent of the population in 1960 to 17 percent in 2011. Asian Americans have gone from less than 1 percent in 1960 to 5 percent in 2011, and are expected to become the largest immigrant group, surpassing Latinos, by 2055. African American numbers have held steady, while whites declined from 85 percent of the population in 1960 to 63 percent in 2011, and are expected to be just 47 percent in 2050.
Those changes in demographics have led to a dramatic transformation in the number of women of color in elected positions. Black females have grown from 160 in 1970 to over 3,600 in 2012; Latinas from fewer than 600 in 1987 to close to 2,000 in 2012; and Asian American women from 14 in 1978 to 129 in 2012. In all cases women of color outpaced their male counterparts.
Additionally, the country has seen dramatic increases in gender ratios within each racial group: Among blacks, women’s share increased from 11 percent in 1970 to 37 percent in 2012; among Latinos, women’s share increased from 18 percent in 1987 to 34 percent in 2012; among Asians, women’s share increased from 12 percent in 1978 to 32 percent in 2012.
Men of color
Indeed, one of the surprises of the survey, Lien notes, was that men of color are having a harder time than their female counterparts in getting elected. In considering factors such as background, education, and income, “We actually saw that men of color, compared with women of color, are more disadvantaged,” she says. “That is contrary to the double-disadvantage thesis of women of color.”
Women of color also have higher growth rates than white women in Congress and state legislatures, the researchers found. Although white women outnumber minority women, the latter have seen much higher growth rates since 1965. The growth is especially strong after 1992, the so-called Year of the Woman, when four Democratic women were elected to the Senate. Lien notes the election of 1992 followed the controversial confirmation hearings for Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas.
“The sheer presence and continuous growth of elected officials of color since 1965 is transformational to the (still) white male dominant political leadership structure of the US,” she says. “Women of color in each racial group have led the trend of growth.
“Gains in political leadership and influence by people of color may be transforming the American political landscape, but they have occurred within a contested political context, one where struggles for racial and gender equality continue, and positive changes are far from permanent.”
Source: UC Santa Barbara
